These famous riddles have puzzled readers from ancient times all the way to the present
12 of the Most Famous Riddles in History
Updated on May 27, 2025
Ancient Sumer: The world’s oldest riddle
Even 4,000 years ago, people tested one another’s critical thinking skills with riddles and logic puzzles. This ancient civilization, located in what is today the country of Iraq, left us with one of the earliest known examples of a written riddle. Here is the famous riddle: “There is a house. One enters it blind and comes out seeing. What is it?”
Answer:
A school. The Sumerians placed a significant emphasis on the value of education and knowledge, and some of their mathematical discoveries are still in use today. This riddle is one of many fascinating clues we have about early human civilization, but there are plenty of other ancient mysteries that still puzzle historians.
The Bible: Samson’s riddle
This Bible riddle isn’t as old as the ancient Sumerians, but it probably dates back to the sixth or eighth century B.C. In the Book of Judges, the seventh book in the Old Testament, Samson poses a riddle to his 30 dinner guests. He tells them that if they answer correctly, he will give them 30 expensive pieces of clothing, but if they guess wrong, they must give him expensive clothing.
The catch? The riddle was rigged. The guests wouldn’t have known the answer because only people who knew Samson personally had any hope of solving it. So you certainly shouldn’t break your brain trying to figure it out, but here it is all the same: “Out of the eater, something to eat; out of the strong, something sweet.”
Answer:
Bees making a honeycomb inside the carcass of a lion. Sometime before the feast, Samson had killed a lion with his bare hands and returned to find bees building a hive inside the lion’s body. “The eater” and “the strong” are both the lion, and the “something to eat” and “the sweet” are the honey. Can you see why Samson’s guests felt cheated?
Sophocles: The Sphinx’s riddle
Written in the fifth century B.C., Oedipus the King is one of the most famous pieces of literature of all time, so it makes sense that it gave us one of the most famous riddles of all time. In this tragic story of Oedipus, who fulfills his destiny even as he’s trying to avoid it, one of the happier moments comes when the title character solves the Sphinx’s riddle.
With the head of a woman and the body of a lion, the monstrous Sphinx stood guard at the gates of the city of Thebes. She would tell every traveler a riddle, and would let them pass if they got it right, but would make a meal of them if they got it wrong. Despite these high stakes, Oedipus got the brain teaser right. Can you? “What goes on four legs in the morning, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?”
Answer:
A human. Humans crawl on hands and knees (“four legs”) as a baby, walk on two legs in mid-life (representing “noon”) and use a walking stick or cane (“three legs”) in old age.
William Shakespeare: The riddle of Venice
Readers have been learning from Shakespeare for centuries, but this isn’t a riddle for you to solve—it’s one that tricked some of his characters. In the Bard’s famous comedy The Merchant of Venice, the father of the young heiress Portia concocts a puzzle to ensure that his daughter marries a worthy suitor.
He requires that any suitor must choose one of three caskets: One casket is gold, one is silver and one is made of lead. One casket has a photo of Portia inside it, and only the suitor who chooses that casket may marry her. Here are the clues the suitors must use to decide:
- On the gold casket: “Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire.”
- On the silver casket: “Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves.”
- On the lead casket: “Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath.”
Answer:
The lead casket contains Portia’s picture. The first suitor opens the gold casket, only to find a skull inside and a note reading “All that glisters [glitters] is not gold,” warning him that valuing things only by their beauty is a mistake.
The suitor who chooses the silver casket finds only a picture of a fool, aka “what he deserves,” since he must be a fool to think he was automatically deserving of Portia’s hand. The note inside this one reads: “With one fool’s head I came to woo, / But I go away with two.”
Finally, the suitor who chooses the lead casket is betrothed to Portia. Since the riddle said that the chooser of lead “must give and hazard all he hath,” Portia’s father knows that this man will be willing to make sacrifices and work hard at the marriage. And it just so happens that this lucky suitor is also the man Portia herself is in love with, and they live happily ever after. (The Merchant of Venice is one of Shakespeare’s happier works.)
Eighteenth-century England: A riddle with a vengeance
This famous riddle, known as “As I was going to St. Ives,” began as a nursery rhyme in the seventeenth century. St. Ives is a fishing town in Cornwall. Though this famous riddle’s earliest appearance was in a 1730 manuscript, it is more recently famous for its appearance in the Die Hard threequel, Die Hard with a Vengeance.
The villain asks the characters played by Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson to solve it in 30 seconds or a bomb will go off on a crowded city block. Now that’s an enduring famous riddle: It went from 18th century rhyme to modern blockbuster. It’s also a great example of a riddle that’s simple enough for children but clever enough to stump adults.
It goes like this:
“As I was going to St. Ives,
I met a man with seven wives,
Each wife had seven sacks,
Each sack had seven cats,
Each cat had seven kits:
Kits, cats, sacks and wives,
How many were there going to St. Ives?”
Answer:
One. The answer, which Samuel L. Jackson’s character figures out at the last second, is only one person. This riddle is something of a trick question, throwing all of those sevens in there to make you think you have to do lots and lots of multiplication. But in reality, we only know that the speaker was going to St. Ives.
Jane Austen: Emma’s riddle
In Austen’s 1815 novel Emma, the title character outwits a mercenary suitor when she successfully solves his riddle. Think of this one in two parts, and, for another hint, think of what the suitor is doing.
“My first displays the wealth and pomp of kings,
Lords of the earth! their luxury and ease.
Another view of man, my second brings,
Behold him there, the monarch of the seas!”
This example is one of many that showcase Austen’s wit and mastery of character—and a great reminder of why her works remain popular to this day. Can you solve it?
Answer:
Courtship. The first part, which “displays the wealth and pomp of kings,” represents the “court” part of the word, and the second part, “the monarch of the seas,” is the “ship.” This fictional riddler sure was feeling confident, attempting to court a woman with a riddle about courtship. It doesn’t work in his favor, though, since Emma both beats his riddle and turns down his proposal.
Lewis Carroll: Alice’s riddle in Wonderland
The classic Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, published in 1865, is among the best children’s books of all time, and it also happens to contain one of literature’s most famously unanswerable riddles. When Alice is at the Mad Tea Party, the Hatter himself asks this perplexing question. Riddle-solvers, beware: Don’t expect a straight answer from anyone in Wonderland. “Why is a raven like a writing desk?”
Answer:
The Mad Hatter hasn’t the slightest idea, and neither do we. This short riddle is famous because of its lack of an answer: When Alice gives up and asks for the answer, the Hatter says, “I haven’t the slightest idea!” He was asking a question, not telling a riddle. Carroll even admitted that he himself hadn’t thought of an answer.
However, readers pestered him so much about it that he eventually came up with one. In a preface to a later edition of Wonderland, he wrote, “because it can produce a few notes, though they are very flat; and it is never put with the wrong end in front!” The nineteenth-century puzzle expert Sam Loyd thought of another response: “because Poe wrote on both,” referencing Edgar Allan Poe’s celebrated work The Raven.
Albert Einstein: A fishy riddle
While this isn’t a literary riddle, it’s certainly gone down in history as one of the most famous ever because of its supposed creator: Albert Einstein. Though it’s never been proven that a young Einstein created this riddle, legend has it that he did—and that he predicted that only 2% of people would be able to crack it. In our opinion, he should’ve had a little more faith in people: Einstein’s riddle is totally solvable if you use logic to work your way through the clues! Here are those clues:
There are five houses in a row. Each house is painted a different color and has a person of a different nationality living in it. Each person drinks a different beverage, smokes a different type of cigar and owns a different animal as a pet. Using these 15 clues, which person owns the pet fish?
- The Brit lives in the red house.
- The Swede has a pet dog.
- The Dane drinks tea.
- The green house is directly to the left of the white house.
- The person in the green house drinks coffee.
- The person who smokes Pall Mall has a pet bird.
- The person in the yellow house smokes Dunhill cigars.
- The person in the center house drinks milk.
- The Norwegian lives in the first house.
- The person who smokes Blends lives next to the person with the pet cat.
- The person with the pet horse lives next to the one who smokes Dunhill.
- The person who smokes BlueMaster drinks beer.
- The German smokes Prince.
- The Norwegian lives next to the blue house.
- The person who smokes Blends has a neighbor who drinks water.
Answer:
The German owns the fish. To figure out this animal riddle, try making a chart showing each house and filling out the information as you deduce it.
Ulysses: A riddle among riddles
This stumper comes from James Joyce’s 20th-century behemoth of a novel, Ulysses. Stephen Dedalus, the character who is supposed to represent Joyce himself, is teaching a class on Roman history and poses a riddle to his students. The answer is so specific, and the fictional students so confused, that most scholars who read Ulysses come to the conclusion that Joyce was poking fun at famous riddles (and at people who take them way too seriously). Here it is:
“The cock crew,
The sky was blue:
The bells in heaven
Were striking eleven.
‘Tis time for this poor soul
To go to heaven.”
Answer:
The fox burying his grandmother under a hollybush. If you’re scratching your head right now, well, that’s almost definitely what Joyce wanted. As Joyce scholar Don Gifford puts it in “Ulysses Annotated,” this is a riddle that “is unanswerable unless the answer is already known.”
The Hobbit: Gollum’s final riddle
In this 1937 precursor to The Lord of the Rings, Bilbo Baggins, the titular Hobbit, finds himself riddle-solving for his life to escape from the underground lair of the evil Gollum. Gollum tells Bilbo he’ll grant him safe passage if he solves five separate riddles, the last of which is this:
“This thing all things devours;
Birds, beasts, trees, flowers;
Gnaws iron, bites steel;
Grinds hard stones to meal;
Slays king, ruins town,
And beats mountain down.”
Answer:
Time. Bilbo solves every other riddle correctly, but with this one, he’s just lucky. Asking for Gollum to give him more time to solve it, he blurts out the word “time” … which is the correct answer!
This is one of many clever hidden messages in Tolkien’s work that fans are still uncovering today.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire: The other Sphinx’s riddle
In the fourth installment of the Harry Potter series, the young wizard must take part in the Triwizard Tournament, a dangerous magical competition. For the final task, he has to make his way through an obstacle-filled maze. One of the obstacles is a Sphinx who won’t let Harry pass until he solves her riddle.
J.K. Rowling, of course, was showing off her substantial knowledge of literary history by having a Sphinx, one of the most famous riddle-tellers in literature, be the magical creature to test Harry’s riddling skills. Here’s the wizard-worthy puzzle, which is an excellent riddle for curious teens:
“First think of the person who lives in disguise,
Who deals in secrets and tells naught but lies.
Next, tell me what’s always the last thing to mend,
The middle of middle and end of the end?
And finally give me the sound often heard
During the search for a hard-to-find word.
Now string them together, and answer me this,
Which creature would you be unwilling to kiss?”
Answer:
A spider. This one essentially has three parts. The first, the liar in disguise, is a spy. The last thing in the word “mend,” which also appears at the middle of “middle” and ends the word “end,” is the letter D. And finally, “er” is the puzzled sound referenced in the third part of the clue. Once you’ve solved the three mini-clues (or only two, as Harry does), the riddle becomes a rebus puzzle, and you have to put the three parts together to form the answer: “spy-d-er.”
Harry successfully solves the first and third parts, then puts them together and realizes that the unkissable creature must be a spider. The Sphinx lets him pass, and then moments later, Harry encounters a real giant spider in the same maze. This riddle doubled as a warning.
Unknown: The polar bear riddle
This brain teaser doesn’t have a known, verifiable origin—despite being falsely attributed to institutions like Harvard and MIT. It’s believed to have emerged from early internet forums or viral email chains in the early 2000s, and after stumping so many people it’s no wonder that it’s known as one of the world’s hardest riddles. It goes like this:
I turn polar bears white and I will make you cry.
I make guys have to pee and girls comb their hair.
I make celebrities look stupid and normal people look like celebrities.
I turn pancakes brown and make your champagne bubble.
If you squeeze me, I’ll pop. If you look at me, you’ll pop.
Can you guess the riddle?
Answer:
No or time, depending on whom you ask. Those who say “no” argue that this riddle is actually a trick question—one meant to stump overthinkers and reward simplicity. On the other hand, those who answer “time” interpret the clues metaphorically, linking each line to something time affects or controls.
Since the riddle has no known origin or author, there’s no official confirmation on which answer is correct—and that ambiguity is part of what keeps it so widely debated.
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Sources:
- Ulysses Annotated: Revised and Expanded Edition by Don Gifford and Robert J. Seidman
- HuffPost: “Can You Solve These 9 Riddles From Literature?”
- Mental Floss: “11 of History’s Toughest Riddles”
